HPV : Human papilloma viruses
Over 170 human papillomavirus types have been completely sequenced.They have been divided into 5 genera: Alphapapillomavirus,Betapapillomavirus,Gammapapillomavirus,Mupapillomavirus and Nupapillomavirus. At least 200 additional viruses have been identified.
How is the HPV virus spread..
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years.In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous Iesions.These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV and two strains –HPV16 and HPV18 – account for 70% of cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.
An HPV infection is caused by human papilloma virus, a DNA virus from the papilloma virus family. Over 170 types have been described. An individual can become infected with more than one type of HPV, and the disease is only known to affect humans. More than 40 types may be spread through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals. Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. These types are typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal and anal sex being the most common methods.HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy. There is no evidence that HPV can spread via common items like toilet seats,but the types that cause warts may spread via surfaces such as floors.HPV is not killed by common hand sanitizers and disinfectants, increasing the possibility of the virus being transferred via non-living infectious agents called fomites.
HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection.To be most effective, inoculation should occur before the onset of sexual activity, and are therefore recommended between the ages of 9–13 years. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test ("pap smear"), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both early cancer and abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes.Screening has reduced both the number of cases and the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Genital warts can be removed by freezing.
Nearly every individual is infected by HPV at some point in their lives.HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), globally.Worldwide in 2018, an estimated 569,000 new cases of cervical cancer occurred, with 311,000 deaths. Around 85% of these cervical cancers occurred in low- and middle-income countries. In the United States, about 30,700 cases of cancer due to HPV occur each year. Roughly 1% of sexually active adults have genital warts.Cases of skin warts have been described since the time of ancient Greece, but that they were caused by a virus was not determined until 1907.
💉HPV vaccines:-
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).Available HPV vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV. All HPV vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% efficacy in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines that protect against HPV types HPV-6 and HPV-11 providing greater protection.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures. The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status. Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended. The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination. Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated.
HPV vaccines are very safe. Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people. Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur. No link to Guillain–Barré syndrome has been found.
The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006.As of 2017, 71 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and prequalified vaccines.Vaccination may be cost effective in the low and middle-income countries. As of 2017, Gardasil 9 is the only version available in the United States.
In 2022, All about Serum Institute’s HPV vaccine, India’s 1st indigenous shot against cervical cancer
Pune-based SII has got the go-ahead from the Drugs Controller General of India to market the vaccine. Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female cancer mortality worldwide.
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